From the La Bataille socialiste blog
When the Socialist Party of Great Britain was being founded in 1904, as a breakaway from the Social Democratic Federation which had pioneered Marx’s ideas in Britain, the main issue confronting the international Social Democratic movement was “Ministerialism”, or whether or not Socialists should participate in a “bourgeois government”. In 1899 a prominent member of the French section, Alexandre Millerand (a later President of France), accepted a ministerial post in a left-of-centre Radical government. This led to a split in the already rather amorphous movement in France, with the walk-out of the “Guesdists”, as the Marxist Parti Ouvrier Français (French Workers Party) was known after its most prominent member, Jules Guesde, but which also included the more well-known, outside of France, Paul Lafargue, Marx’s son-in-law.
The Guesdists had once before, twenty years previously, split off from the reformists, who they called “possibilists” and were in return dubbed by them “impossibilists” (probably the origin of the term). They were implacably opposed to socialists participating in a government of capitalism and in 1902 joined with other anti-ministerialist Social Democrats to form the Parti Socialiste de France (Socialist Party of France). The ministerialists, led by the parliamentary orator, Jean Jaurès, joined together in the Parti Socialiste Français (French Socialist Party) which was a pure and simple opportunist, reformist party.
The issue had come up at the congress of the Social Democratic International in Paris in 1900 when a resolution, proposed by Kautsky, was passed which, while opposing as a general principle socialist participation in a capitalist government, left the door open for this in exceptional circumstances. Naturally, the ministerialists pleaded that the situation in France in 1899 had been exceptional. The Guesdists were not satisfied and at the next congress of the International, held in Amsterdam in 1904, moved a stronger anti-ministerialist resolution, which was passed. The SPGB was represented at this Congress (but didn’t like having to sit as part of a single British delegation, alongside representatives of the ILP and the SDF from which they had just broken away) and applauded the carrying of this resolution.
Later that year an SPGB member obtained an interview in Paris with Paul Lafargue, mainly about the implications of the Russo-Japanese War that had just broken out. This was published in the November 1904 issue of the SPGB’s monthly journal, the Socialist Standard. In his write-up the member, after roundly condemning the attitude of Jaurès, commented:
“It was not for nothing that our comrades of the Socialist Party of France moved the resolution at the recent International Congress, which declared against compromise and intrigue with capitalist parties. The Socialists of France have fought and are fighting the same battle against treachery and folly of opportunism, which we of The Socialist Party of Great Britain are waging in this country.”
The Socialist Standard was still calling the Guesdists “our French comrades” in 1908. The January and February 1905 issues carried a translation of Guesde’s basic socialist pamphlet The Social Problem and its Solution.
Although the Guesdists had succeeded in pushing through a strong anti-ministerialist resolution at Amsterdam this turned out to be something of a pyrrhic victory for them in that the congress also voted that all the affiliated organisations in one country should take steps to unite into a single organisation. The SPGB refused this in Britain and eventually (1907 conference) decided not to be represented at the next International Social Democrat congress, in Stuttgart in 1907, but to try to enter “into communication with the known representatives of that uncompromising policy of which the SPGB are the exponents in Great Britain” and who one delegated named as “Ferri, Michels, Guesde, Lafargue and others”. The Guesdists, however, went along with unity call and in 1905 the Socialist Party of France and the French Socialist Party united to form a party with the unwieldy title of “United Socialist Party (French Section of the Workers’ International)” or, in French, SFIO, by which name it was known until the 1970s.
In the beginning the Guesdists were able to dominate the united party’s executive but soon the open reformists under Jaurès got the upper hand, relegating the Guesdists to a minority tendency within the SFIO. In 1907 the Guesdists started their own publication, Le Socialisme. The SPGB hoped that the Guesdists would split off from the reformist-dominated SFIO and form their own independent party. An article on “The International” in December 1907 commenting on the proceedings of the SFIO’s congress in August predicted:
“In France there was until the International Congress in 1904 at Amsterdam, a body of real revolutionaries – the Guesdists. But in consequence of the ‘unity’ craze these revolutionary fighters fused with the Reformers, the followers of Jaurès, about two years ago ( . . . ) The Reformers have, at least temporarily, bamboozled the Guesdists; but judging from the proceedings at the last Congress of the Party, some weeks ago, there are already many bad sores which can only lead to a split in the future.”
This never happened and the Guesdists remained in the SFIO. Despite seeing this as a mistake, the SPGB continued to regard them as “real revolutionaries”. In the year 1908 the Socialist Standard carried in separate issues five articles translated from Le Socialisme and a sixth from Lafargue. A further four articles or news items from this journal were published in the following years, the last appearing in November 1912. The translations were done by French-speaking SPGB members, at least two of whom were working in France at the time.
What was Guesdism?
What was it that the early SPGB found in the Guesdists that led them to regard them as “real revolutionaries” and “our French comrades”?
Firstly, their Marxism. The Guesdists were the group which first introduced Marxist ideas into France in much the same way, and during the same period (1880s, 1890s), as the SDF in Britain. So, some of the articles chosen for translation were on aspects of Marxist theory. Three of them were translations of articles by Charles Rappoport on historical and philosophical subjects: “Evolution and Revolution” (July 1905), “The Society of Tomorrow” (September 1908) and “Fatalism and Historical Necessity” (given front page treatment in April 1911). Another theoretical article, on “The Evolution of Society”, by the leading Guesdist Eduoard Fortin, had appeared in the September 1905 issue. Lafargue’s article, in May 1908, dealt with “The Law of Value and the Dearness of Commodities”. In February and March 1912 the Socialist Standard carried a translation of an 1882 article by Lafargue on « Socialism and Nationalisation » in which he argued that nationalisation was a capitalist reform not socialism. In fact, although the early SPGB did contain German as well as French speakers and the German Social Democratic Party was generally considered the most Marxist of such parties, apart from a translation of Karl Kautsky’s The Erfurt Programme (published in the Socialist Standard and then as the Party’s first three pamphlets) most translated articles on Marxist theory were from French not German.
Secondly, their position on socialist tactics. This was “the economic expropriation of the capitalist class by their political expropriation”; in other words, that the way to socialism lay via the conquest of political power by the working class. To this end, said the Guesdists, the working class needed to organise into a mass socialist party and it was the “first duty of socialists” (the title of an article by Charles Verecque, translated in the June 1908 Socialist Standard) to build such a party by incessant propaganda and organisation. Socialists were, in a perhaps unfortunate phrase of Guesde’s, to act as “recruiting sergeants” for this party. “It cannot be too often repeated”, wrote Verecque,
“that what keeps the proletariat from its emancipation is the fact of its ignorance. If it could only understand it would free itself. The new form of Society is ready to take shape under its direction and for its benefit. Its consent is the only thing lacking. The daily task of Socialists is therefore to prepare the workers for the historic mission which they have to accomplish.”
“The vote,” wrote Guesde in an article on “Legality and Revolution” published on the front page of the February 1908 Socialist Standard, “however legal it may be, is revolutionary when on the basis of class candidatures it organises France of labour against France of capital”.
Thirdly, and as a consequence of this basic position, their implacable opposition to anarchistic notions of minority “direct action” and “the general strike”. Of what might be called the leftwing of pre-WWI international Social Democracy—the intransigent anti-Revisionists, anti-ministerialists, and anti-reformists—the Guesdists and the SPGB were almost alone in taking up such a position. Others such as Rosa Luxemburg and Anton Pannekoek were influenced by these ideas, though they talked about “mass action” and “the mass strike” to distinguish themselves from the anarchists. In America Daniel De Leon embraced industrial unionism to “take and hold” the means of production rather than “the economic expropriation of the capitalist class by their political expropriation”. So too, in fact, did some of the founding members of the SPGB, one of whom, EJB Allen, became a prominent “industrial unionist” and “revolutionary syndicalism”. This tendency was represented in the SFIO by Gustave Hervé (and in the Italian party by one, Benito Mussolini).
The Guesdist position, shared by the SPGB, was put in an article by Paul-Marius André translated in the November 1908 Socialist Standard. Entitled “The Two Possibilisms”, it argued that the anarchist direct-actionists were just as much reformists as the parliamentary gradualists since they, too, were not prepared to knuckle down to the longish haul of winning majority support for socialism and of building up a strong socialist party that would eventually be able to gain control of political power and abolish capitalism, but wanted “something now”—reforms; the only difference between them and the parliamentary reformists was that they favoured “direct” as opposed to “parliamentary” action to try to get them. Not only was this ineffective as a reformist strategy, but it unnecessarily put working class lives in danger.
The Socialist Standard of the period carried a number of articles, some written by members on the spot in Paris, recording the failure of the tactics of the anarchist leaders of the main French trade union grouping, the CGT, to hammer home the same point as the Guesdists: that the way to expropriate the capitalist class was not by industrial action with the state still controlled by their representatives but by political action once socialists had won sufficient working-class support to take over the state.
Were they really real revolutionaries?
But were the Guesdists the “real revolutionaries” that the early SPGB considered them to be?
While the SPGB was an organisation of a few hundred working men and women, the Guesdists had thousands of members, more than a dozen MPs and controlled a number of local authorities, including Lille, the third biggest city in France. This reflected itself in the different attitude towards reforms, which the Guesdists party had some chance of influencing. On paper, the Guesdists took the view that, as long as capitalism lasted, working-class problems would continue so that reforms would at most only be palliatives and single-issue campaigns were diversions from the struggle to win political power to expropriate the capitalist class and make the means of production the common property of society, which alone could provide the framework within which these problems could be solved.
However, unlike the SPGB, they did advocate reforms. So, their MPs, mayors and councillors had not been elected on a straight socialist programme but on a programme of socialism and reforms. Which meant that, in practice, they were just as much the prisoners of their reform-minded, non-socialist voters as were Jaurès and his supporters. No doubt this was why in the end, contrary to what the early SPGB hoped and urged, they were not prepared to break away from the reformist-dominated SFIO and branch out on their own in opposition to it. So they stayed in, with the result that, as an article in the Socialist Standard in October 1910 on the Copenhagen Congress of the Social Democrat International (the same article which represented the SPGB’s definite break with the International, which was described as having been taken over by pro-capitalist elements), noted:
“In France, the Guedists, who at one time, in spite of their small numbers, wielded enormous power for Socialist enlightenment, are absorbed by the reformist followers of Jaurès and Vaillant”.
Another mistaken, or at least ambiguous, position of the Guesdists was their attitude to patriotism. This was an issue that had been discussed within the SFIO in the light of the anti-militarist and anti-patriotism campaign launched by Hervé. Even though Hervé was not a Guesdist, the members of the SPGB who followed affairs in France were aware that some of his views on this question were similar to ours. Thus, the June 1907 Socialist Standard carried a translation of his views:
“The workers are disinherited and ill-treated in every existing country. All nations are equal, or nearly so, in this respect, particularly now that the capitalist regime renders more and more uniform the material, intellectual, and political conditions of life for the labouring class in all countries; and now that the introduction of the capitalist system in Russia will compel even Tsarism to accord to the Russian workers the essentials of political liberty. No country at the present day, is so superior to the others that the workers of that country should get themselves killed in its defence.”
The article agreed with this position, but went on to disagree with Hervé’s conclusion that, in the event of war breaking out, the workers should stage an armed uprising to try to overthrow capitalist rule (“Rather insurrection than war”, as he put it), pointing out that this “would be courting a shambles that would make war peace by contrast”, with workers sacrificing their lives in “a fruitless and bloody” action. The article also pointed out that as militarism was the product of capitalism the only way to end it was to end capitalism; the efforts of socialists should be aimed at this rather than at mere anti-militarism.
Guesde and the Guesdists made the same two points in the debate within the SFIO, but they did not join Hervé in denouncing patriotism. The full implications of this refusal to denounce patriotism did not become evident until the First World War broke out. Guesde himself entered the French War Cabinet. Hervé, it has to be added, did a complete U-turn and became an ardent patriot and nationalist, joining the army to go and fight. Jaurès, who was assassinated before the war started, went down in history as an anti-war hero, even though there can be no doubt that had he lived he too would have rallied round the French flag and joined the war cabinet instead of Guesde. This of course completely discredited Guesde and the Guesdists with the SPGB.
After the war, some Guesdists, Charles Rappoport for instance, went over to the Communist Party. Others remained in the SFIO (including Guesde who died in 1922 at the age of 77) and represented a strand of anti-Leninist Marxism in France that survived until a few years ago.
When the Socialist Party of Great Britain was being founded in 1904, as a breakaway from the Social Democratic Federation which had pioneered Marx’s ideas in Britain, the main issue confronting the international Social Democratic movement was “Ministerialism”, or whether or not Socialists should participate in a “bourgeois government”. In 1899 a prominent member of the French section, Alexandre Millerand (a later President of France), accepted a ministerial post in a left-of-centre Radical government. This led to a split in the already rather amorphous movement in France, with the walk-out of the “Guesdists”, as the Marxist Parti Ouvrier Français (French Workers Party) was known after its most prominent member, Jules Guesde, but which also included the more well-known, outside of France, Paul Lafargue, Marx’s son-in-law.
The Guesdists had once before, twenty years previously, split off from the reformists, who they called “possibilists” and were in return dubbed by them “impossibilists” (probably the origin of the term). They were implacably opposed to socialists participating in a government of capitalism and in 1902 joined with other anti-ministerialist Social Democrats to form the Parti Socialiste de France (Socialist Party of France). The ministerialists, led by the parliamentary orator, Jean Jaurès, joined together in the Parti Socialiste Français (French Socialist Party) which was a pure and simple opportunist, reformist party.
The issue had come up at the congress of the Social Democratic International in Paris in 1900 when a resolution, proposed by Kautsky, was passed which, while opposing as a general principle socialist participation in a capitalist government, left the door open for this in exceptional circumstances. Naturally, the ministerialists pleaded that the situation in France in 1899 had been exceptional. The Guesdists were not satisfied and at the next congress of the International, held in Amsterdam in 1904, moved a stronger anti-ministerialist resolution, which was passed. The SPGB was represented at this Congress (but didn’t like having to sit as part of a single British delegation, alongside representatives of the ILP and the SDF from which they had just broken away) and applauded the carrying of this resolution.
Later that year an SPGB member obtained an interview in Paris with Paul Lafargue, mainly about the implications of the Russo-Japanese War that had just broken out. This was published in the November 1904 issue of the SPGB’s monthly journal, the Socialist Standard. In his write-up the member, after roundly condemning the attitude of Jaurès, commented:
“It was not for nothing that our comrades of the Socialist Party of France moved the resolution at the recent International Congress, which declared against compromise and intrigue with capitalist parties. The Socialists of France have fought and are fighting the same battle against treachery and folly of opportunism, which we of The Socialist Party of Great Britain are waging in this country.”
The Socialist Standard was still calling the Guesdists “our French comrades” in 1908. The January and February 1905 issues carried a translation of Guesde’s basic socialist pamphlet The Social Problem and its Solution.
Although the Guesdists had succeeded in pushing through a strong anti-ministerialist resolution at Amsterdam this turned out to be something of a pyrrhic victory for them in that the congress also voted that all the affiliated organisations in one country should take steps to unite into a single organisation. The SPGB refused this in Britain and eventually (1907 conference) decided not to be represented at the next International Social Democrat congress, in Stuttgart in 1907, but to try to enter “into communication with the known representatives of that uncompromising policy of which the SPGB are the exponents in Great Britain” and who one delegated named as “Ferri, Michels, Guesde, Lafargue and others”. The Guesdists, however, went along with unity call and in 1905 the Socialist Party of France and the French Socialist Party united to form a party with the unwieldy title of “United Socialist Party (French Section of the Workers’ International)” or, in French, SFIO, by which name it was known until the 1970s.
In the beginning the Guesdists were able to dominate the united party’s executive but soon the open reformists under Jaurès got the upper hand, relegating the Guesdists to a minority tendency within the SFIO. In 1907 the Guesdists started their own publication, Le Socialisme. The SPGB hoped that the Guesdists would split off from the reformist-dominated SFIO and form their own independent party. An article on “The International” in December 1907 commenting on the proceedings of the SFIO’s congress in August predicted:
“In France there was until the International Congress in 1904 at Amsterdam, a body of real revolutionaries, the Guesdists. But in consequence of the ‘unity’ craze these revolutionary fighters fused with the Reformers, the followers of Jaurès, about two years ago ( . . . ) The Reformers have, at least temporarily, bamboozled the Guesdists; but judging from the proceedings at the last Congress of the Party, some weeks ago, there are already many bad sores which can only lead to a split in the future.”
This never happened and the Guesdists remained in the SFIO. Despite seeing this as a mistake, the SPGB continued to regard them as “real revolutionaries”. In the year 1908 the Socialist Standard carried in separate issues five articles translated from Le Socialisme and a sixth from Lafargue. A further four articles or news items from this journal were published in the following years, the last appearing in November 1912. The translations were done by French-speaking SPGB members, at least two of whom were working in France at the time.
What was Guesdism?
What was it that the early SPGB found in the Guesdists that led them to regard them as “real revolutionaries” and “our French comrades”?
Firstly, their Marxism. The Guesdists were the group which first introduced Marxist ideas into France in much the same way, and during the same period (1880s, 1890s), as the SDF in Britain. So, some of the articles chosen for translation were on aspects of Marxist theory. Three of them were translations of articles by Charles Rappoport on historical and philosophical subjects: “Evolution and Revolution” (July 1905), “The Society of Tomorrow” (September 1908) and “Fatalism and Historical Necessity” (given front page treatment in April 1911). Another theoretical article, on “The Evolution of Society”, by the leading Guesdist Eduoard Fortin, had appeared in the September 1905 issue. Lafargue’s article, in May 1908, dealt with “The Law of Value and the Dearness of Commodities”. In February and March 1912 the Socialist Standard carried a translation of an 1882 article by Lafargue on “Socialism and Nationalisation” in which he argued that nationalisation was a capitalist reform not socialism. In fact, although the early SPGB did contain German as well as French speakers and the German Social Democratic Party was generally considered the most Marxist of such parties, apart from a translation of Karl Kautsky’s The Erfurt Programme (published in the Socialist Standard and then as the Party’s first three pamphlets) most translated articles on Marxist theory were from French not German.
Secondly, their position on socialist tactics. This was “the economic expropriation of the capitalist class by their political expropriation”; in other words, that the way to socialism lay via the conquest of political power by the working class. To this end, said the Guesdists, the working class needed to organise into a mass socialist party and it was the “first duty of socialists” (the title of an article by Charles Verecque, translated in the June 1908 Socialist Standard) to build such a party by incessant propaganda and organisation. Socialists were, in a perhaps unfortunate phrase of Guesde’s, to act as “recruiting sergeants” for this party. “It cannot be too often repeated”, wrote Verecque,
“that what keeps the proletariat from its emancipation is the fact of its ignorance. If it could only understand it would free itself. The new form of Society is ready to take shape under its direction and for its benefit. Its consent is the only thing lacking. The daily task of Socialists is therefore to prepare the workers for the historic mission which they have to accomplish.”
“The vote,” wrote Guesde in an article on “Legality and Revolution” published on the front page of the February 1908 Socialist Standard, “however legal it may be, is revolutionary when on the basis of class candidatures it organises France of labour against France of capital”.
Thirdly, and as a consequence of this basic position, their implacable opposition to anarchistic notions of minority “direct action” and “the general strike”. Of what might be called the leftwing of pre-WWI international Social Democracy—the intransigent anti-Revisionists, anti-ministerialists, and anti-reformists—the Guesdists and the SPGB were almost alone in taking up such a position. Others such as Rosa Luxemburg and Anton Pannekoek were influenced by these ideas, though they talked about “mass action” and “the mass strike” to distinguish themselves from the anarchists. In America Daniel De Leon embraced industrial unionism to “take and hold” the means of production rather than “the economic expropriation of the capitalist class by their political expropriation”. So too, in fact, did some of the founding members of the SPGB, one of whom, EJB Allen, became a prominent “industrial unionist” and “revolutionary syndicalism”. This tendency was represented in the SFIO by Gustave Hervé (and in the Italian party by one, Benito Mussolini).
The Guesdist position, shared by the SPGB, was put in an article by Paul-Marius André translated in the November 1908 Socialist Standard. Entitled “The Two Possibilisms”, it argued that the anarchist direct-actionists were just as much reformists as the parliamentary gradualists since they, too, were not prepared to knuckle down to the longish haul of winning majority support for socialism and of building up a strong socialist party that would eventually be able to gain control of political power and abolish capitalism, but wanted “something now”—reforms; the only difference between them and the parliamentary reformists was that they favoured “direct” as opposed to “parliamentary” action to try to get them. Not only was this ineffective as a reformist strategy, but it unnecessarily put working class lives in danger.
The Socialist Standard of the period carried a number of articles, some written by members on the spot in Paris, recording the failure of the tactics of the anarchist leaders of the main French trade union grouping, the CGT, to hammer home the same point as the Guesdists: that the way to expropriate the capitalist class was not by industrial action with the state still controlled by their representatives but by political action once socialists had won sufficient working-class support to take over the state.
Were they really real revolutionaries?
But were the Guesdists the “real revolutionaries” that the early SPGB considered them to be?
While the SPGB was an organisation of a few hundred working men and women, the Guesdists had thousands of members, more than a dozen MPs and controlled a number of local authorities, including Lille, the third biggest city in France. This reflected itself in the different attitude towards reforms, which the Guesdists party had some chance of influencing. On paper, the Guesdists took the view that, as long as capitalism lasted, working-class problems would continue so that reforms would at most only be palliatives and single-issue campaigns were diversions from the struggle to win political power to expropriate the capitalist class and make the means of production the common property of society, which alone could provide the framework within which these problems could be solved.
However, unlike the SPGB, they did advocate reforms. So, their MPs, mayors and councillors had not been elected on a straight socialist programme but on a programme of socialism and reforms. Which meant that, in practice, they were just as much the prisoners of their reform-minded, non-socialist voters as were Jaurès and his supporters. No doubt this was why in the end, contrary to what the early SPGB hoped and urged, they were not prepared to break away from the reformist-dominated SFIO and branch out on their own in opposition to it. So they stayed in, with the result that, as an article in the Socialist Standard in October 1910 on the Copenhagen Congress of the Social Democrat International (the same article which represented the SPGB’s definite break with the International, which was described as having been taken over by pro-capitalist elements), noted:
“In France, the Guedists, who at one time, in spite of their small numbers, wielded enormous power for Socialist enlightenment, are absorbed by the reformist followers of Jaurès and Vaillant”.
Another mistaken, or at least ambiguous, position of the Guesdists was their attitude to patriotism. This was an issue that had been discussed within the SFIO in the light of the anti-militarist and anti-patriotism campaign launched by Hervé. Even though Hervé was not a Guesdist, the members of the SPGB who followed affairs in France were aware that some of his views on this question were similar to ours. Thus, the June 1907 Socialist Standard carried a translation of his views:
“The workers are disinherited and ill-treated in every existing country. All nations are equal, or nearly so, in this respect, particularly now that the capitalist regime renders more and more uniform the material, intellectual, and political conditions of life for the labouring class in all countries; and now that the introduction of the capitalist system in Russia will compel even Tsarism to accord to the Russian workers the essentials of political liberty. No country at the present day, is so superior to the others that the workers of that country should get themselves killed in its defence.”
The article agreed with this position, but went on to disagree with Hervé’s conclusion that, in the event of war breaking out, the workers should stage an armed uprising to try to overthrow capitalist rule (“Rather insurrection than war”, as he put it), pointing out that this “would be courting a shambles that would make war peace by contrast”, with workers sacrificing their lives in “a fruitless and bloody” action. The article also pointed out that as militarism was the product of capitalism the only way to end it was to end capitalism; the efforts of socialists should be aimed at this rather than at mere anti-militarism.
Guesde and the Guesdists made the same two points in the debate within the SFIO, but they did not join Hervé in denouncing patriotism. The full implications of this refusal to denounce patriotism did not become evident until the First World War broke out. Guesde himself entered the French War Cabinet. Hervé, it has to be added, did a complete U-turn and became an ardent patriot and nationalist, joining the army to go and fight. Jaurès, who was assassinated before the war started, went down in history as an anti-war hero, even though there can be no doubt that had he lived he too would have rallied round the French flag and joined the war cabinet instead of Guesde. This of course completely discredited Guesde and the Guesdists with the SPGB.
After the war, some Guesdists, Charles Rappoport for instance, went over to the Communist Party. Others remained in the SFIO (including Guesde who died in 1922 at the age of 77) and represented a strand of anti-Leninist Marxism in France that survived until a few years ago.
En Français
Lorsque le Parti Socialiste de Grande-Bretagne (SPGB) a été fondé en 1904, comme scission de la Social Democratic Federation qui avait initié la diffusion des idées de Marx en Grande-Bretagne, le principal sujet de désaccords dans le mouvement social-démocrate international était le « ministérialisme » : les socialistes devraient-ils participer « à un gouvernement bourgeois » ? En 1899 un membre important de la section française, Alexandre Millerand (par la suite Président de la République), avait accepté un ministère dans un gouvernement radical de centre-gauche. Ceci a entraîné une division dans un mouvement français plutôt atone, la montée au créneau des « guesdistes », le parti marxiste Parti Ouvrier Français (P.O.F.) étant connu d’après son membre le plus important : Jules Guesde, quoiqu’un autre membre, Paul Lafargue, gendre de Marx, était plus connu encore hors de France.
Les guesdistes avaient scissionné vingt avant auparavant des réformistes, qu’ils appelaient « possibilistes », ces derniers les taxant en retour d’être des « impossibilistes » (c’est probablement là l’origine du terme). Ils se sont implacablement opposés aux socialistes participant à un gouvernement du capitalisme et en 1902 se sont réunis avec d’autre sociaux-démocrates anti-ministérialistes pour former le Parti Socialiste. Les ministérialistes, menés par l’orateur parlementaire Jean Jaurès, se sont regroupés dans le Parti Socialiste Français qui était un parti purement et simplement opportuniste et réformiste.
La question avait été portée à l’ordre du jour du Congrès de l’Internationale à Paris en 1900 où l’on vota une résolution, proposée par Kautsky, qui, tout en s’opposant comme principe général à la participation socialiste à un gouvernement capitaliste, laissait la porte ouverte à celle-ci dans des circonstances exceptionnelles. Naturellement, les ministérialistes ont plaidé que la situation en France en 1899 avait été exceptionnelle. Les guesdistes n’étaient pas satisfaits et au congrès suivant de l’Internationale, tenu à Amsterdam en 1904, ont fait voter une résolution plus fermement anti-ministérialiste. Le SPGB était représenté à ce congrès (quoique n’ayant pas aimé siéger comme élément d’une seule délégation britannique, aux côtés des représentants de l’ILP et de la SDF desquels il s’était justement détaché) et a applaudi cette résolution.
Plus tard dans la même année, un membre du SPGB a obtenu une entrevue à Paris avec Paul Lafargue, principalement au sujet des implications de la guerre russo-japonaise qui venait d’ éclater. Tout cela fut publié dans l’édition de novembre 1904 du journal mensuel du SPGB, le Socialist standard. Dans son article ce membre, après avoir rondement condamné l’attitude de Jaurès, commentait :
« Ce n’était pas pour rien que nos camarades du Parti Socialiste de la France ont porté la résolution au dernier congrès international, qui s’est déclaré contre le compromis et l’intrigue avec les partis capitalistes. Les socialistes de France ont lutté et mènent la même bataille contre la trahison et la folie de l’opportunisme, que nous-mêmes du Parti Socialiste de Grande-Bretagne menons dans ce pays. »
Le Socialist standard appelait toujours les guesdistes « nos camarades français » en 1908. Les numéros de janvier et de février 1905 ont publié une traduction de la brochure de Guesde Le problème social et sa solution.
Bien que les guesdistes aient réussi à faire passer une forte résolution anti-ministérialiste à Amsterdam cela s’avéra être une victoire à la Pyrrus car le congrès avait également voté que toutes les organisations affiliées dans un pays devraient prendre des mesures pour s’unifier. Le SPGB l’a refusé en Grande-Bretagne et par la suite (conférence de 1907) a décidé de ne pas être représenté au prochain congrès social-démocrate international à Stuttgart en 1907, mais d’essayer d’entrer « en communication avec les représentants connus de cette politique intransigeante dont les [militants du] SPGB sont les représentants en Grande-Bretagne » en citant « Ferri, Michels, Guesde, Lafargue et d’autres ». Les guesdistes sont cependant allés vers la fusion en 1905 du Parti Socialiste de la France et du Parti Socialiste français pour former un parti avec le titre un peu lourd de « Parti Socialiste unifié (section française de l’Internationale des ouvrière) » ou, en français, de SFIO, nom par lequel il a été connu jusqu’aux années 70.
Au début les guesdistes pouvaient dominer la direction du parti unifié mais bientôt les réformistes rangés derrière Jaurès ont pris le dessus, reléguant les guesdistes à une tendance minoritaire dans la SFIO. En 1907 les guesdistes lançaient leur propre publication, Le Socialisme. Le SPGB a espéré que les guesdistes se détacheraient d’une SFIO dominée par le réformisme et qu’ils formerait leur propre parti indépendant. Un article sur « l’International » commentait en décembre 1907 le congrès de la SFIO d’août:
« En France il y avait jusqu’au congrès international en 1904 à Amsterdam, un corps de vrais révolutionnaires – les guesdistes. Mais suite à l’unité ces combattants révolutionnaires ont fusionné avec les réformateurs, les disciples de Jaurès, il y a environ deux ans (…) que les réformateurs ont, au moins temporairement, embobiné les guesdistes ; mais d’après les démarches au dernier congrès du parti, il y a quelques semaines, il y a déjà de nombreuses et mauvaises blessures qui ne peuvent que mener à une scission à l’avenir. »
Cela ne s’est jamais produit et les guesdistes sont restés dans le SFIO. Tout en considérant qu’il s’agissait d’une erreur, le SPGB a continué de les considérer comme de « vrais révolutionnaires ». En 1908 le Socialist standard a publié cinq articles traduits de Le Socialisme et un sixième de Lafargue. Quatre articles provenant de ce journal ont été publiés les années suivantes, jusqu’en novembre 1912. Les traductions étaient faites par des membres francophones du SPGB, au moins deux travaillaient en France à l’époque.
Ce qu’était le guesdisme
Pourquoi le SPGB a t-il été amené à considérer les guesdistes comme de « vrais révolutionnaires » et « nos camarades français » ?
Premièrement, leur marxisme. Les guesdistes ont été les premiers à diffuser les idées marxistes en France, et au cours d’une même période (années 1880 et 1890), plus ou moins de la même façon que la SDF en Grande-Bretagne. Ainsi, certains des articles choisis pour être traduits portaient sur des aspects de théorie marxiste. Trois d’entre eux étaient des traductions d’articles de Charles Rappoport sur les sujets historiques et philosophiques : « Evolution & revolution » (juillet 1905), « The Society of To-morrow » (septembre 1908) et « Fatalism and Historic Necessity» (publié à la une en avril 1911). Un autre article théorique, sur «The Evolution of Society», par le guesdiste Edouard Fortin, parut dans le numéro de septembre 1905. Un article de Lafargue, en mai 1908, traitait de « The Law of Value and the Dearness of Commodities ». En février et mars 1912 le Socialist standard a publié une traduction d’un article de 1882 de Lafargue sur «Socialism and Nationalisation » expliquant que la nationalisation était une réforme capitaliste et non le socialisme. En fait, bien que le SPGB ait eu autant de militants parlant l’allemand que le français et que la social-démocratie allemande était généralement considérée comme le plus marxiste des partis, hormis une traduction du programme d’Erfurt de Karl Kautsky (publiée dans le Socialist standard et puis en brochure) la plupart des articles sur la théorie marxiste étaient traduits du français et non de l’allemand.
Deuxièmement, leur position sur la tactique socialiste. C’était « l’expropriation économique de la classe capitaliste par leur expropriation politique » ; en d’autres termes, que le chemin vers le socialisme passait par la conquête du pouvoir politique par la classe ouvrière. Pour cela, disaient les guesdistes, la classe ouvrière devait s’organiser dans un Parti Socialiste de masse et c’était le « premier devoir des socialistes » (titre d’un article de Charles Vérecque, traduit dans le Socialist standard de juin 1908) de construire un tel parti par la propagande et l’organisation incessantes. Les socialistes étaient là, dans une expression peut-être malheureuse de Guesde, pour agir en tant que « sergents recruteurs » pour ce parti. « On ne répètera jamais assez », écrivait Vérecque, « que ce qui éloigne le prolétariat de son émancipation est son ignorance. S’il pouvait comprendre il se libérerait. La nouvelle forme de société est prête à se dessiner sous sa direction et à son avantage. Son consentement est la seule chose qui manque. La tâche quotidienne des socialistes est donc de préparer les ouvriers pour la mission historique qu’ils doivent accomplir. »
« Le vote, » écrivait Guesde dans l’article “Legality and Revolution” publié dans le Socialist standard de février 1908, « quand il existe, est révolutionnaire quand il organise la France du travail contre la France du capital sur la base de candidatures de classe ».
Troisièmement, et à la suite de cette position de base, leur opposition implacable aux notions anarchistes de la minorité d’« action directe » et de « grève générale ». Au sein de ce qu’on pourrait la gauche de la social-démocratie d’avant-guerre – les anti-révisionnistes, anti-ministérialistes, et anti-réformistes résolus – les guesdistes et le SPGB étaient presque les seuls à prendre une telle position. D’autres comme Rosa Luxembourg et Anton Pannekoek ont été influencés par ces idées, bien qu’ils aient parlé d’« action de masse » et de « grève de masse » pour se distinguer des anarchistes. En Amérique Daniel De Leon a adopté le syndicalisme industriel « pour prendre et tenir » les moyens de production plutôt que « l’expropriation économique de la classe capitaliste par leur expropriation politique ». Il y eut bien aussi, en fait quelques-uns des membres fondateurs du SPGB, notamment E.J.B. Allen, qui est devenu un « syndicaliste industriel » pour le « syndicalisme révolutionnaire ».Cette tendance était représentée dans la SFIO par Gustave Hervé (et dans le parti italien par Benito Mussolini).
La position des guesdistes, partagée par le SPGB, fut exposée dans un article de Paul-Marius André traduit dans le Socialist standard de du novembre 1908. Intitulé « les deux possibilismes », elle expliquait que les anarchistes d’action directe étaient semblables à bien des réformistes et gradualistes parlementaires en ce qu’eux aussi, n’étaient pas disposer à militer dans ce travail de longue haleine visant l’adhésion majoritaire au socialisme et la construction d’un Parti Socialiste fort qui pourrait ainsi conquérir le pouvoir et supprimer le capitalisme, mais voulaient plutôt « quelque chose maintenant » – des réformes ; la seule différence entre les réformistes parlementaires et eux étant qu’ils utilisaient l’action « directe » plutôt que « parlementaire » les obtenir. C’était non seulement une stratégie réformiste inefficace, mais qui mettait inutilement les vies de la classe ouvrière en danger.
Le Socialist standard de l’époque a publié un certain nombre d’articles, certains écrits par des membres résidant à Paris, enregistrant l’échec de la tactique des chefs anarchistes du principal groupement syndical français, la CGT, pour appuyer le point de vue guesdiste : ce n’était pas l’action syndicale (industrielle) qui permettrait d’exproprier la classe capitaliste mais l’action politique lorsque les socialistes auraient gagné suffisamment de soutien de la classe ouvrière pour s’emparer de l’Etat.
Étaient-ils de vrais les révolutionnaires ?
Mais les guesdistes étaient-ils de « vrais révolutionnaires » comme les considérait le SPGB ?
Alors que le SPGB était une organisation de quelques centaines de travailleurs et de travailleuses, les guesdistes comptaient des milliers de membres, plus d’une douzaine de députés et administraient un certain nombre de collectivités locales, notamment Lille, la troisième ville de France. Cela s’en est ressenti dans leur attitude envers les réformes, là où le parti guesdiste avait une réelle influence. Sur le papier, les guesdistes considéraient que, tant que le capitalisme perdurait, les problèmes de la classe ouvrière continueraient de sorte que les réformes ne puissent être davantage que des palliatifs et des impasses faisant dévier de la lutte pour la conquête des pouvoirs publics afin d’exproprier la classe capitaliste et faire des moyens de production la propriété publique de la société, cela seul fournissant le cadre dans lequel ces problèmes pourraient être résolus.
Cependant, à la différence du SPGB, ils ont préconisé des réformes. Ainsi, leurs députés, maires et conseillers n’avaient pas été élus sur un programme socialiste ferme mais sur un programme de socialisme et de réformes. Ce qui signifiait qu’en pratique ils étaient prisonniers d’électeurs de mentalité réformiste, tout comme Jaurès et ses partisans. C’est bien pour cela qu’à la fin, ils ne furent pas prêts à quitter la SFIO dominée par les réformistes et à s’organiser hors d’elle et contre elle, comme le SPGB l’espérait. Il y restèrent, avec pour résultat ce que décrivait un article du Socialist standard d’octobre 1910 sur le congrès de Copenhague de la social-démocratie internationale (le même qui présentait la séparation définitive du SPGB d’avec l’Internationale, décrite comme conquise par les éléments pro-capitalistes) :
« En France, les guesdistes, qui malgré leur faible nombre, ont eu un énorme pouvoir pour l’édification socialiste, sont absorbés par les disciples réformistes de Jaurès et de Vaillant ».
Une autre position erronée, ou au moins ambiguë, des guesdistes était leur attitude à l’égard du patriotisme. C’était une question qui avait été discutée dans le SFIO suite à la campagne anti-militariste et anti-patriotique lancée par Hervé. Quoique Hervé n’ait pas été guesdiste, les membres du SPGB qui suivaient les affaires françaises se rendaient compte que certaines de ses vues sur cette question étaient alors semblables aux nôtres. Ainsi, le Socialist standard de juin 1907 a publié une traduction :
« Les ouvriers sont déshérités et maltraités dans tous les pays. Toutes les nations sont à cet égard égales, ou presque, particulièrement à notre époque où le régime capitaliste uniformise de plus en plus conditions de vie matérielles, intellectuelles et politiques pour la classe travailleuse dans tous les pays ; et maintenant que l’introduction du système capitaliste en Russie obligera le tsarisme lui-même à accorder aux ouvriers russes les bases de la liberté politique. Aucun pays aujourd’hui n’est à ce point supérieur aux autres que les ouvriers de ce pays devraient se faire tuer pour sa défense. »
L’article était conforme à cette position, mais se concluait en désaccord avec Hervé sur la question de savoir si en cas de déclenchement de la guerre, les ouvriers devraient ou pas tenter un soulèvement armé pour essayer de renverser le capitalisme ( « plutôt l’insurrection que la guerre », écrivait-il), précisant que cela « conduirait au paradoxe de faire la paix par la guerre », avec des ouvriers sacrifiant leurs vies dans une action « stérile et sanglante » . L’article précisait également que puisque le militarisme était le produit du capitalisme la seule manière d’en finir avec lui était d’en finir avec le capitalisme ; les efforts des socialistes devraient viser cela plutôt que le seul antimilitarisme.
Guesde et les guesdistes firent les mêmes deux remarques pendant la discussion dans la SFIO, mais ils n’ont pas rejoint Hervé dans la dénonciation du patriotisme. Ce qu’impliquait ce refus de dénoncer le patriotisme n’est apparu clairement que lorsque la première guerre mondiale ait éclaté. Guesde lui-même est entré dans le gouvernement français de guerre. Ajoutons qu’Hervé a fait volte-face, devenant un patriote et un nationaliste ardents, partant combattre dans l’armée. Jaurès, assassiné avant que la guerre ne commence, est entré dans l’histoire en tant que héros pacifiste, quoiqu’il ne puisse y avoir aucun doute que s’il avait survécu il se serait mis au service du drapeau français et aurait rejoint le cabinet de guerre à la place de Guesde. Évidemment, cela a complètement discrédité Guesde et les guesdistes auprès du SPGB.
Après la guerre, certains guesdistes, Charles Rappoport par exemple, sont passés au parti communiste. D’autres sont restés à la SFIO (notamment Guesde, qui est mort en 1922 à l’âge de 77 ans) et ont incarné en France un courant du marxisme anti-léniniste qui a survécu jusqu’à il y a quelques années.