Thomas_More
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Right away, before even, at “liberation” the horrors and mass murders began. But tens of thousands of people resisted too, and cadres were also killed by angry villagers.
All of this was over a decade before the “cultural revolution” of the sixties, which everyone mentions as though it was something different, so I hope that young resisters today aren’t believing that Maoism was somehow
“better to begin with.”Mao handed down killing quotas for each province. Commissars vied to match or surpass these.
One of the most prolific was Teng Hsiao-p’ing, who ruled the south-west.
Will Putin really allow the annexed territories and Crimea to go to Ukraine?
My guess is either:
Next year will see a massive Russian blitzkrieg on Ukraine,
Or: Putin has decided to hold the areas he has and will concentrate on defending them in a perpetual border war.
And risking nuclear war is also irrational from every point of view, isn’t it? But they’re doing it.
It doesn’t seem real right now, that soon we will be dying horribly and everything about us destroyed. I still watch old movies on TV, I still read, I still function at home. It is the weather I like: sunny and crisp.
I seem to have buried in the back of my mind my biggest fear. Yet it comes to the fore a few minutes after waking up in the morning, and every time the news sounds more menacing. Then I have to stop reading and go to bed.
But still it doesn’t seem real.
If it happens I want it instant and without warning. I don’t want a govt announcement or text. I don’t want to be regimented or made to take anti-radiation medicine, be forced to leave my home and my cats and be herded by police and soldiers.
So it looks like we are heading for WW3, and China won’t fail Russia over Ukraine, because it requires Russia as an ally in the coming conflagration.
But this was specifically England, and was prior to the Counter-Reformation – which transformed the Catholic Church into an apt vehicle for mercantile capitalism.
I think your point would be better made in returning to an age when Catholicism did in fact represent feudalism, causing the rift between the Pope and the rest of the universal Church in 1054 (which held sway in non-feudal lands still under the old chattel slave system of Imperial Rome).
The western Church changed with western European society from that time onward; the eastern Church stayed still, like Byzantium itself.
The popes granted dispensations allowing the Lombards exemption from the usury laws and the Church was often in a position of championing – like in Liege – the rights of towns against nobles, as the towns increased in importance.
Obviously, England has a unique history here, which cannot be transposed abroad.
I’m not denying that, but i’m challenging the view that the Catholicism of the early modern period stood for feudalism and that protestantism of all schools stood for capitalism. I have shown that this was not the case.
Capitalism began in the Mediterranean, specifically Italy, where both bourgeoisie and nobles were Catholics. In Germany Luther became the representative of the feudal lords. Most of Europe entered capitalism as Catholic and remained so, as members of a reformed Catholic Church. Central European nobles fighting centralising monarchies embraced protestantism.
Already by 1948 in the areas of China controlled by Mao’s forces, between 500,000 and a million people had been executed.
Byzantine Orthodoxy was not the religion of a feudal, but of a chattel-slavery society.
As for protestantism, it is variable. Calvinists tended to be bourgeois, but Lutheranism appealed more to the German feudal princes opposing centralisation by the Catholic Emperor.
Protestantism was also chosen by the feudal magnates of parts of Hungary, such as the Nadasdys and Bathorys.
We must be careful to be aware of variables, otherwise we become like the Leninists, pushing everything into neat compartments when they really don’t fit.
The Counter Reformation Catholic Church was just as suited to capitalism as Calvinist protestantism was, and in Germany the Catholic emperor was the progressive option and Lutheranism served the reactionary feudalists.
In France the Gallican Catholic Church represented by Richelieu was the arbiter of progressive royal centralism, opposed by the reactionary feudal aristocracy.
I remember Basil Davidson’s series AFRICA in the 1980s, which was excellent.
The idea of the “dark continent” was a later, colonialist, image. Ethiopia, as a Christian country, was very much part of christendom’s orbit. There were Nubian crusaders fighting alongside Richard Coeur de lion, namely one who was canonised by the pope.
North Africa, of course, as part of the Roman Empire, was very much part of Europe’s knowledge and experience. St. Augustine was African. Egypt was an important contributor to “Dark Age” theological disputation, and Alexandria was (still is, in fact) a papacy.
Writers such as the 12th century knight Wolfram Von Eschenbach, the first European novelist in the proper sense, show us the equality between Christian and Muslim nobles. They regarded each other as equals, and, if often enemies, they were no more so than Christian lords often were to one another. The code of chivalry operated across the religious divide, and there is romantic love between the sexes of both.
Eschenbach’s hero Gahmuret fights for a north African Muslim princess against Christian forces attacking her lands and has a child with her, who joins King Arthur’s court. Another hero, Willehalm’s sweetheart is a Muslim queen.We also have to specify what we mean by the fall of the Roman Empire. For one thing, it was already a Christian empire. Paganism was outlawed by Theodosius.
As far as Rome was concerned, the capital was moved to Byzantium by Constantine. Are we to suggest that the ferocious police state of Byzantium was “civilization”, and the migratory tribes that captured western Europe were “barbarians”?If the fifth century marked the “fall of civilisation” there were very many who would rightly have cried GOOD! Thank goodness Rome is over!
In the next century the civilised sociopaths Justinian and Theodora attempted the reconquest, for Roman “civilisation”, of the western Mediterranean … And Procopius tells us what they were like!
