Mark Lichbach, a professor of government and politics, has written in
The Rebel’s Dilemma, that when more than 5 percent of the population engages in sustained, coordinated civil disobedience, few governments can remain in power whether they are a dictatorship or a democracy. The path to reaching this 5 percent begins when people who are already active in resistance build solidarity and draw more people to the movement. As more people see the movement growing and that there is a strategy to win, they will have the confidence to join it. Achieving the 5 percent tipping point with a diverse cross-section of society then becomes well within reach.
Erica Chenoweth says that in her review of resistance movements the number of people that need to be actively involved is even smaller. She says that in the last one hundred years, every movement where 3.5 percent of the population was active has won.